Which Of The Following Clades Contains The Greatest Number Of Animal Species

one

Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that only animals derive their nutrition from

A) preying on animals.

B) ingesting it.

C) consuming living, rather than dead, casualty.

D) using enzymes to digest their nutrient.

2

Which of the post-obit is (are) unique to animals?

1. A) cells that have mitochondria
2. B) the structural carbohydrate, chitin
3. C) nervous conduction and muscular movement
4. D) heterotrophy
5. Due east) flagellated gametes

3

In terms of nutrient capture, which sponge cell is most similar to the cnidocyte of a cnidarian?

1. A) amoebocyte
2. B) choanocyte
3. C) epidermal cell
4. D) gastrovascular cavity cell

4

Sponges are most accurately described equally

1. A) marine predators.
2. B) chemoautotrophs.
3. C) freshwater scavengers.
4. D) filter feeders.
5. E) aquatic predators.

5

Which of the following functions as both a oral cavity and an anus in members of the phylum Cnidaria?

1. A) a noncentralized nerve net
2. B) a gastrovascular crenel
3. C) nematocysts
4. D) an gastrointestinal tract

6

Which of the following is truthful of members of the phylum Cnidaria?

1. A) They are not capable of locomotion because they lack truthful muscle tissue.
2. B) They are primarily filter feeders.
3. C) They coordinate movements through a noncentralized nerve set.
4. D) They are the simplest organisms with a complete alimentary canal (two openings).

seven

The members of which clade in the phylum Cnidaria occur but equally polyps?

1. A) Hydrozoa
2. B) Scyphozoa
3. C) Anthozoa
4. D) Arthropoda

viii

The last mutual antecedent of all animals was probably a(north)

1. A) chytrid.
2. B) yeast.
3. C) algae.
4. D) mucus.
5. Eastward) protist.

ix

Evidence of which structure or characteristic would be most surprising to find among fossils of the Ediacaran fauna?

1. A) true tissues
2. B) hard body parts
3. C) bilateral symmetry
4. D) embryos

10

The nigh aboriginal branch point in animal phylogeny is that betwixt having

1. A) radial and bilateral symmetry.
2. B) a well-defined head and no head.
3. C) true tissues and no tissues.
4. D) a body cavity and no body cavity.

11

According to the evidence collected then far, the animal kingdom is

1. A) monophyletic.
2. B) paraphyletic.
3. C) no longer growing in size.
4. D) growing at an exponential rate.

12

If a multicellular animal lacks truthful tissues, and so it can properly be included among the

1. A) eumetazoans.
2. B) metazoans.
3. C) choanoflagellates.
4. D) lophotrochozoans.
5. Due east) bilateria.

thirteen

Which of the following statements concerning creature taxonomy is (are) true?

1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi.
2. All animal clades based on body programme take been establish to exist incorrect.
3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic.
4. Only animals reproduce by sexual means.
5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.

1. A) 5 only
2. B) ane and 3
3. C) 3 and 5
4. D) 3, 4, and v

xiv

If the current molecular prove regarding animal origins is well substantiated in the futurity, then what will be true of whatsoever contrary evidence regarding the origin of animals derived from the fossil record?

1. A) The opposite fossil prove volition be seen every bit a hoax.
2. B) The fossil evidence will be understood to have been interpreted incorrectly because information technology is incomplete.
3. C) The fossil tape will henceforth be ignored.
4. D) Phylogenies involving fifty-fifty the smallest bit of fossil evidence volition need to be discarded.
5. E) Only phylogenies based solely on fossil bear witness volition need to exist discarded.

15

Some researchers claim that sponge genomes accept homeotic genes (genes that regulate development of anatomical structures), but no Hox genes (genes that regulate evolution of posterior-inductive axes and torso segments). If true, this finding would

1. A) strengthen sponges' evolutionary ties to the Eumetazoa.
2. B) hateful that sponges must no longer be classified equally animals.
3. C) confirm the identity of sponges as basal animals.
4. D) mean that extinct sponges must accept been the last common antecedent of animals and fungi.
5. E) require sponges to be reclassified equally choanoflagellates.

16

The last common ancestor of all bilaterians is thought to accept had four Hox genes (genes that regulate development of posterior-anterior axes and body segments). About extant cnidarians have two Hox genes, except Nematostella, which has three Hox genes. On the basis of these observations, some have proposed that the ancestral cnidarians were originally bilateral and, in stages, lost Hox genes from their genomes. If true, this would mean that

1. A) Radiata should be a true clade.
2. B) the radial symmetry of extant cnidarians is secondarily derived, rather than being an bequeathed trait.
3. C) Hox genes play little actual role in coding for an animal'southward "body program."
4. D) Cnidaria may someday supersede porifera as the basal bilaterians.

17

Which statement is about consistent with the hypothesis that the Cambrian explosion was caused by the rise of predator-casualty relationships?

1. A) increased incidence of worm burrows in the fossil tape
2. B) increased incidence of larger animals in the fossil tape
3. C) increased incidence of organic textile in the fossil tape
4. D) increased incidence of hard trunk parts in the fossil record

eighteen

Any its ultimate crusade(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of

1. A) mass extinction.
2. B) evolutionary stasis.
3. C) adaptive radiation.
4. D) a large falling star touch.

xix

What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated, from primeval to most recent?

1. tetrapods
2. vertebrates
3. deuterostomes
4. amniotes
5. bilaterians

1. A) 5 → 3 → 2 → 4 → one
2. B) 5 → 3 → 2 → ane → four
3. C) 5 → iii → four → ii → 1
4. D) 3 → five → four → 2 → one
5. E) 3 → 5 → 2 → 1 → four

20

Fossil evidence indicates that the following events occurred in what sequence, from earliest to nearly recent?

1. Protostomes invade terrestrial environments.
2. Cambrian explosion occurs.
3. Deuterostomes invade terrestrial environments.
4. Vertebrates become top predators in the seas.

1. A) 2 → 4 → 3 → 1
2. B) 2 → 1 → four → 3
3. C) 2 → iv → i → three
4. D) 2 → three → 1 → iv
5. E) ii → 1 → three → 4

21

Which of the following genetic processes may be most helpful in accounting for the Cambrian explosion?

1. A) binary fission
2. B) mitosis
3. C) meiosis
4. D) gene duplication

22

Which of these, if true, would support the claim that the ancestral cnidarians had bilateral symmetry?

1. Cnidarian larvae possess anterior-posterior, left-right, and dorsal-ventral aspects.
2. Cnidarians have fewer Hox genes than bilaterians.
3. All extant cnidarians are diploblastic.
4. All cnidarians are acoelomate.

1. A) 1 only
2. B) 1 and iv only
3. C) two and 3 only
4. D) ii and 4 only
5. E) 3 and 4 only

23

Which of the following animate being groups is entirely aquatic?

1. A) Mollusca
2. B) Crustacea
3. C) Echinodermata
4. D) Nematoda
5. Eastward) Platyhelminthes

24

Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned commencement as

1. A) the digestive organisation's opening.
2. B) suspension-feeding devices.
3. C) components of the jaw.
4. D) gill slits for respiration.
5. Eastward) portions of the inner ear.

25

Which of the following statements would be least adequate to most zoologists?

1. A) The extant lancelets are contemporaries, not ancestors, of vertebrates.
2. B) The outset fossils resembling lancelets appeared in the fossil record effectually 530 million years ago.
3. C) Recent work in molecular systematics supports the hypothesis that lancelets are the basal clade of chordates.
4. D) The extant lancelets are the firsthand ancestors of the fishes.
5. E) Lancelets brandish the same method of pond as do fishes.

26

Which extant chordates are postulated to be most like the primeval chordates in physical appearance?

1. A) lancelets
2. B) developed tunicates
3. C) amphibians
4. D) reptiles
5. Due east) chondrichthyans

27

A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely resembles an ancient class. Information technology has the following characteristics: external armor of bony plates, no paired lateral fins, and a suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. In addition to these, information technology will probably take which of the following characteristics?

1. A) legs
2. B) no jaws
3. C) an amniotic egg
4. D) endothermy

28

What exercise all craniates have that earlier chordates did not take?

1. A) brain
2. B) vertebrae
3. C) cartilaginous pipe surrounding notochord
4. D) partial or complete skull
5. E) bones

29

The feeding way of the extinct conodonts was

1. A) herbivory.
2. B) pause feeding.
3. C) predation.
4. D) filter feeding.
5. Due east) absorptive feeding.

30

The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with which part?

1. A) reproduction
2. B) feeding
3. C) locomotion
4. D) defense
5. E) respiration

31

Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes?

1. A) lampreys
2. B) chondrichthyans
3. C) ray-finned fishes
4. D) lungfishes
5. E) placoderms

32

Which of these might take been observed in the mutual ancestor of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans?

1. A) a mineralized, bony skeleton
2. B) limbs
3. C) digits
4. D) a swim bladder

33

Which group'south members accept had both lungs and gills during their adult lives?

1. A) sharks, skates, and rays
2. B) lungfishes
3. C) lancelets
4. D) bivalves

34

Which of the post-obit vest to the lobe-fin clade?

1. A) chondrichthyans
2. B) ray-finned fishes
3. C) lampreys
4. D) hagfishes
5. East) tetrapods

35

Adapt these taxonomic terms from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most specific).

1. lobe-fins
2. amphibians
3. gnathostomes
4. osteichthyans
5. tetrapods

1. A) 4, iii, i, five, 2
2. B) iv, three, 2, 5, 1
3. C) 4, 2, 3, 5, 1
4. D) iii, 4, 1, 5, 2
5. E) 3, 4, v, 1, 2

36

During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to about contempo) in which the following structures arose?

1. amniotic egg
2. paired fins
3. jaws
4. four-chambered eye

1. A) 2, three, 1, 4
2. B) iii, 2, 1, iv
3. C) iv, 1, three, 2
4. D) 2, 1, iii, 4
5. Eastward) i, 3, two, iv

37

Which of the following are the nigh abundant and various of the extant vertebrates?

1. A) ray-finned fishes
2. B) birds
3. C) amphibians
4. D) mammals

38

What should be true of fossils of the primeval tetrapods?

1. A) They should show evidence of internal fertilization.
2. B) They should testify evidence of having produced shelled eggs.
3. C) They should indicate express accommodation to life on land.
4. D) They should be transitional forms with the fossils of chondrichthyans that lived at the same time.
5. Due east) They should feature the primeval indications of the appearance of jaws.

39

Which of these are amniotes?

1. A) amphibians
2. B) fishes
3. C) mammals
4. D) placental mammals but
5. E) egg-laying mammals only

40

Why is the amniotic egg considered an of import evolutionary breakthrough?

1. A) Information technology has a beat out that increases gas exchange.
2. B) It allows deposition of eggs in a terrestrial environment.
3. C) It prolongs embryonic development.
4. D) It provides insulation to conserve heat.
5. Due east) It permits internal fertilization to be replaced by external fertilization.

41

Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments?

1. A) the shelled, amniotic egg
2. B) the ability to maintain a constant body temperature
3. C) two pairs of appendages
4. D) bony scales
5. E) a four-chambered heart

42

Which of the following are the merely extant animals that descended direct from dinosaurs?

1. A) lizards
2. B) crocodiles
3. C) snakes
4. D) birds
5. Eastward) tuataras

43

A trend offset observed in the evolution of the primeval tetrapods was

1. A) the appearance of jaws.
2. B) the appearance of bony vertebrae.
3. C) feet with digits.
4. D) the mineralization of the endoskeleton.
5. Due east) the amniotic egg.

44

Among the invertebrate phyla, phylum Arthropoda is unique in possessing members that have

1. A) a cuticle.
2. B) a ventral nerve cord.
3. C) open up circulation.
4. D) wings.
5. East) segmented bodies.

45

Arthropods invaded land nearly 100 meg years before vertebrates did so. This most clearly implies that

1. A) arthropods evolved before vertebrates did.
2. B) extant terrestrial arthropods are better adapted to terrestrial life than are extant terrestrial vertebrates.
3. C) ancestral arthropods must accept been poorly adapted to aquatic life and thus experienced a selective pressure to invade land.
4. D) vertebrates evolved from arthropods.
5. E) arthropods have had more than time to coevolve with land plants than vertebrates take had.

46

Which of these would a paleontologist be near likely to practice in social club to decide whether a fossil represents a reptile or a mammal?

1. A) Look for the presence of milk-producing glands.
2. B) Look for the mammalian characteristics of a 4-chambered middle and a diaphragm.
3. C) Because mammals are eutherians, await for evidence of a placenta.
4. D) Utilise molecular analysis to look for the protein keratin.
5. East) Examine the teeth to decide how sharp or ground down they are.

47

In which vertebrates is fertilization exclusively internal?

1. A) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and mammals
2. B) amphibians, mammals, and reptiles
3. C) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and reptiles
4. D) reptiles and mammals
5. E) reptiles and amphibians

48

Internal fertilization, leathery amniotic eggs, and skin that resists drying are characteristics of which extant vertebrate grouping?

1. A) amphibians
2. B) non-bird reptiles
3. C) chondrichthyans
4. D) mammals
5. E) birds.

49

Organisms at which of the post-obit trophic levels increased the near because of the movement of animals onto land?

1. A) herbivores and carnivores
2. B) decomposers and producers
3. C) producers
4. D) decomposers

50

The pass up of blue-green alga in the early Cambrian oceans was about likely related to

1. A) the motility of animals onto state.
2. B) the evolution of state plants.
3. C) an increase in the number of predatory fish.
4. D) an increase in organisms with intermission-feeding mouthparts.
5. E) a decline in the number of marine decomposers.

51

If all of the animals died in a big region of an ocean, we would expect an increase in the

1. A) number of filter feeders.
2. B) number of cyanobacteria.
3. C) number of decomposers.
4. D) clarity of the ocean waters.
5. E) temperature of the sea waters.

52

Evidence indicates that an ancestral finch species from South America arrived on the Galapágos Islands and formed many new species, adapting to the various environments on the islands. With the evolution of these new bird species on the Galapágos Islands, we would expect to observe a corresponding

1. A) increase in the number of bird parasites on the Galapágos Islands.
2. B) decrease in the number of bird parasites on the Galapágos Islands.
3. C) increase in the number of bird parasites in Southward America.
4. D) decrease in the number of bird parasites in South America.
5. E) elimination of bird parasites on the Galapágos Islands.

53

A new, sixth global mass-extinction result appears to be occurring on Globe today. The nearly probable explanation for the dramatic loss of species is

1. A) climate change.
2. B) natural fluctuations in global temperatures and precipitation.
3. C) the evolution of new types of viruses.
4. D) man activeness that alters natural environments.
5. E) decreases in atmospheric levels of oxygen.

54

As a result of harvesting a higher proportion of older and larger cod and other fish species for nutrient,

1. A) the number of fish in these populations has increased dramatically.
2. B) the age and size of fish reaching sexual maturity accept decreased.
3. C) many new species of predators have evolved in these regions.
4. D) the affected fish species accept stopped reproducing.
5. E) many of the fish in these populations have started to reproduce asexually.

55

Which of the following characteristics distinguishes modernistic humans from other modern apes?

1. Humans walk upright.
2. Humans walk on 2 legs.
3. Humans use uncomplicated tools.
4. Humans are capable of symbolic thought.

1. A) 2 and three only
2. B) 1, ii and four only
3. C) 2, 3, and four but
4. D) 1, 2, 3, and 4 merely

56

What is a master, common evolutionary feature of all reptiles, mammals, and birds?

1. A) teeth
2. B) endothermic beliefs
3. C) gastrovascular crenel
4. D) amniotic egg

57

One important evolutionary change that occurred with the rise of animals is

1. A) a change from a microbe-only environment to i of large producers, predators, and casualty.
2. B) the extinction of cyanobacteria.
3. C) a marine ecosystem dominance of sponges and cnidarians.
4. D) a confirmed second common ancestor of animals.

58

If wild dogs take part in cooperative hunting, they will probable have a better effect than if they hunt lonely, especially if they share the prey. The dogs that cooperate are increasing the survival probability of ane another. This is an instance of

1. A) parasitism.
2. B) reciprocal selection.
3. C) defensive adaptations.
4. D) adaptive radiation.

59

Humans widely use pesticides on plants equally a means to control insect and plant pests. Notwithstanding, pesticides are not selective in what they kill, so they often kill benign insect and plant species also. This unintentional consequence favors constitute and insect species that are pesticide resistant. This scenario is an case of

1. A) human impacts on evolution.
2. B) reciprocal selection.
3. C) human being impacts on antibiotic resistance.
4. D) mass extinction of plant species.

60

A student catches a ray-finned fish from the bounding main and notices that attached to its flank is an as long, snakelike organism. The fastened organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a slimy substance on its surface, a circular mouth surrounded by a sucker, a natural language, and two small eyes. The educatee thinks information technology might be a marine hagfish or a lamprey. Which feature excludes the organism from possibly being a lamprey?

1. A) elongated shape
2. B) lack of scales
3. C) a slimy substance on its surface
4. D) round mouth
5. Due east) tongue

61

Using similarities in body symmetry and other anatomical features to assign an organism to a clade involves

1. cladistics based on trunk plan.
2. molecular-based phylogeny.
3. morphology-based phylogeny.

1. A) ane only
2. B) two just
3. C) 3 merely
4. D) 1 and 2 only
5. E) 1 and three only

62

Which of the following is a indicate of disharmonize betwixt the phylogenetic analyses presented in these two figures?

1. A) the relationship of taxa of segmented animals to taxa of nonsegmented animals
2. B) that sponges are basal animals
3. C) that chordates are deuterostomes
4. D) the evolutionary human relationship betwixt Nematoda and Arthropoda

63

What is truthful in the molecular phylogeny (B) that is not true in the traditional phylogeny (A)?

1. A) Deuterostomia is paraphyletic.
2. B) To maintain Deuterostomia as a clade, some phyla had to be removed from it.
3. C) Deuterostomia now includes the Acoela.
4. D) It diverged from the rest of the Bilateria earlier than did the Acoela.

64

In the traditional phylogeny (A), the phylum Platyhelminthes is depicted equally a sister taxon to the rest of the protostome phyla and as having diverged earlier from the lineage that led to the rest of the protostomes. In the molecular phylogeny (B), Platyhelminthes is depicted equally a lophotrochozoan phylum. What probably led to this change?

1. A) Platyhelminthes ceased to be recognized as true protostomes.
2. B) The removal of the acoel flatworms (Acoela) from the Platyhelminthes allowed the remaining flatworms to be clearly tied to the Lophotrochozoa.
3. C) All Platyhelminthes must have a well-developed lophophore as their feeding apparatus.
4. D) Platyhelminthes' close genetic ties to the arthropods became clear as their Hox gene sequences were studied.

65

What conclusion is apparent from the information in Table 27.1?

1. A) Land animals accept more Hox genes than do those that live in water.
2. B) All bilaterian phyla have had the aforementioned caste of expansion in their numbers of Hox
3. C) Acoel flatworms should be expected to contain 7 Hox
4. D) The expansion in number of Hox genes throughout vertebrate development cannot be explained merely by three duplications of the ancestral vertebrate Hox
5. East) Extant insects all have seven Hox

66

All things being equal, which of these is the simplest explanation for the alter in the number of Hox genes from the concluding common ancestor of insects and vertebrates to bequeathed vertebrates, every bit shown in Tabular array 27.i?

1. A) The occurrence of seven independent duplications of individual Hox
2. B) The occurrence of 14 independent duplications of individual Hox genes
3. C) The occurrence of two distinct duplications of the entire 7-factor cluster, followed past the loss of i cluster.
4. D) The occurrence of a single duplication of the entire 7-gene cluster.

67

Which tree(s) has (have) been created by emphasizing genomic features of placozoans?

1. A) I only
2. B) 2 just
3. C) Iii only
4. D) I and II

68

Which tree(s) has (take) been created by emphasizing the structural simplicity of placozoans?

1. A) I merely
2. B) 2 only
3. C) Iii just
4. D) II and III

69

Which tree(s) has (accept) been created by emphasizing a protein found in placozoans?

1. A) I merely
2. B) II but
3. C) Three just
4. D) I and 3

lxx

Fishes that take swim bladders tin can regulate their density and thus their buoyancy. There are ii types of swim bladder: physostomous and physoclistous. The ancestral version is the physostomous version, in which the swim bladder is connected to the esophagus via a short tube (Figure 27.two). The fish fills this version by swimming to the surface, taking gulps of air, and directing them into the swim bladder. Air is removed from this version by "belching." The physoclistous version is more than derived and has lost its connection to the esophagus. Instead, gas enters and leaves the swim float via special circulatory mechanisms within the wall of the swim bladder.

The presence of a swim bladder allows the typical ray-finned fish to stop swimming and nevertheless

1. A) effectively circulate its blood.
2. B) be highly maneuverable.
3. C) use its swim bladder equally a respiratory organ.
4. D) not sink.

71

Fishes that have swim bladders tin can regulate their density and thus their buoyancy. There are two types of swim bladder: physostomous and physoclistous. The ancestral version is the physostomous version, in which the swim bladder is connected to the esophagus via a curt tube (Figure 27.2). The fish fills this version past swimming to the surface, taking gulps of air, and directing them into the swim bladder. Air is removed from this version by "belching." The physoclistous version is more than derived and has lost its connection to the esophagus. Instead, gas enters and leaves the swim float via special circulatory mechanisms within the wall of the swim float.

If a physoclistous fish removes gas from its swim bladder, this fish'southward density cannot actually change until that gas arrives at the

1. A) mouth.
2. B) gills.
3. C) skin.
4. D) eye.
5. E) anus.

72

Which graph properly depicts the relationship between the corporeality of gas in the swim float and the density of the fish?

1. A) A
2. B) B
3. C) C
4. D) D
5. E) East

73

How exercise a physoclistous fish and a physotomous fish compare in terms of the corporeality of energy each must use to maintain its position (depth) in the water cavalcade over the long term?

1. A) a physoclistous fish uses more energy than a physostomous fish
2. B) a physostomous fish uses more than free energy than a physoclistous fish
3. C) a physoclistous fish and a physostomous fish use the aforementioned amount of energy
4. D) a physoclistous fish initially uses more free energy than a physostomous fish merely then decreases its energy use to be equal to the physostomous fish

74

Trichoplax adhaerens (Tp) is the simply living species in the phylum Placozoa. Individuals are about i mm wide and just 27 μm high, are irregularly shaped, and consist of a total of about 2,000 cells, which are diploid (iin = 12). There are iv types of cells, none of which is a nervus or muscle cell, and none of which has a cell wall. They move using cilia, and any "edge" tin can lead. Tp feeds on marine microbes, by and large unicellular green algae, by itch atop the algae and trapping it between its ventral surface and the substrate. Enzymes are then secreted onto the algae, and the resulting nutrients are absorbed. Tp sperm cells have never been observed, nor have embryos past the 64-cell (blastula) stage.

In which of the post-obit means is Tp like to a typical animal?

1. Tp is multicellular.
2. Tp lacks musculus and nervus cells.
3. Tp has cilia.
4. Tp lacks cell walls.
5. Tp does not accept observable sperm cells.

1. A) 1 and 2 only
2. B) 1 and iii simply
3. C) 1, 3, and 5 only
4. D) three, 4, and five only
5. E) one, two, 3, iv, and 5

75

Trichoplax adhaerens (Tp) is the only living species in the phylum Placozoa. Individuals are near i mm broad and only 27 μm loftier, are irregularly shaped, and consist of a total of about two,000 cells, which are diploid (iin = 12). There are 4 types of cells, none of which is a nervus or musculus jail cell, and none of which has a cell wall. They motility using cilia, and any "border" can lead. Tp feeds on marine microbes, generally unicellular green algae, by itch atop the algae and trapping it between its ventral surface and the substrate. Enzymes are then secreted onto the algae, and the resulting nutrients are absorbed. Tp sperm cells have never been observed, nor have embryos past the 64-cell (blastula) stage.

On the basis of the information in the previous paragraph, which of these should exist able to be observed in Tp?

1. A) the act of fertilization
2. B) the procedure of gastrulation
3. C) the presence of eggs
4. D) A and B only
5. E) A, B and C

76

Trichoplax adhaerens (Tp) is the but living species in the phylum Placozoa. Individuals are about one mm broad and merely 27 μm loftier, are irregularly shaped, and consist of a total of most 2,000 cells, which are diploid (2north = 12). In that location are four types of cells, none of which is a nerve or musculus cell, and none of which has a cell wall. They movement using cilia, and any "edge" can lead. Tp feeds on marine microbes, by and large unicellular green algae, by crawling atop the algae and trapping it between its ventral surface and the substrate. Enzymes are then secreted onto the algae, and the resulting nutrients are absorbed. Tp sperm cells have never been observed, nor have embryos past the 64-cell (blastula) stage.

Tp's body symmetry seems to be most like that of

1. A) most sponges.
2. B) cnidarians.
3. C) worms.
4. D) tetrapods.

77

An simple school science teacher decided to liven upwardly the classroom with a saltwater aquarium. Knowing that saltwater aquaria can be quite a hassle, the teacher proceeded stepwise. First, the instructor conditioned the water. Adjacent, the instructor decided to stock the tank with various marine invertebrates, including a sea star, a sponge, a bounding main urchin, a jellyfish, several hermit crabs, some sand dollars, and an ectoproct. Last, she added some vertebrates — a parrotfish and a clownfish. She arranged for daily feedings of copepods and feeder fish.

One 24-hour interval, Tommy (a student in an undersupervised grade of 40 fifth graders) got the urge to pet Nemo (the clownfish), who was swimming among the waving petals of a pretty underwater "flower" that had a big hole in the midst of the petals. Tommy giggled upon finding that these petals felt sticky. A few hours afterwards, Tommy was in the nurse's role with nausea and cramps. Microscopic examination of his fingers would probably take revealed the presence of

1. A) teeth marks.
2. B) spines.
3. C) spicules.
4. D) nematocysts.
5. East) a radula.

78

An elementary school science teacher decided to liven up the classroom with a saltwater aquarium. Knowing that saltwater aquaria can be quite a hassle, the teacher proceeded stepwise. Showtime, the instructor conditioned the water. Next, the teacher decided to stock the tank with various marine invertebrates, including a sea star, a sponge, a sea urchin, a jellyfish, several hermit crabs, some sand dollars, and an ectoproct. Last, she added some vertebrates — a parrotfish and a clownfish. She bundled for daily feedings of copepods and feeder fish.

Had the teacher wanted to signal out organisms that move and feed using the same structural adaptation, the teacher should have chosen the

1. A) sponge and the jellyfish.
2. B) hermit crabs and the ecotoprot.
3. C) bounding main star, ocean urchin, and sand dollars.
4. D) vertebrates.

79

The near recently discovered phylum in the fauna kingdom (1995) is the phylum Cycliophora. It includes three species of tiny organisms that live in large numbers on the outsides of the mouthparts and appendages of lobsters. When in the feeding stage, a cycliophoran permanently attaches to the lobster via an adhesive disk and collects scraps of nutrient from its host's feeding by capturing the scraps in a current created by a band of cilia. Its body is sac-like and has a U-shaped intestine that brings the anus shut to the mouth. Cycliophorans are eucoelomate (have a torso cavity that is a coelom) and do non molt (though their host does).

Which of these features is least useful in assigning the phylum Cycliophora to a clade of animals?

1. A) having a true coelom equally a torso cavity
2. B) having a body symmetry that permits a U-shaped intestine
3. C) lacking ecdysis (molting)
4. D) its feeding mechanism

80

The most recently discovered phylum in the animal kingdom (1995) is the phylum Cycliophora. It includes iii species of tiny organisms that alive in large numbers on the outsides of the mouthparts and appendages of lobsters. When in the feeding stage, a cycliophoran permanently attaches to the lobster via an agglutinative disk and collects scraps of food from its host'southward feeding past capturing the scraps in a current created by a ring of cilia. Its body is sac-similar and has a U-shaped intestine that brings the anus close to the mouth. Cycliophorans are eucoelomate (have a body cavity that is a coelom) and do not molt (though their host does).

Basing your inferences on information in the previous paragraph, to which clade(s) should cycliophorans belong?

1. Eumetazoa
2. Deuterostomia
3. Bilateria
4. Ecdysozoa
5. Lophotrochozoa

1. A) 1 only
2. B) 1 and 3 simply
3. C) 1, three, and 5 but
4. D) 2, 3, and iv only
5. Due east) two, 3, and 5 only

81

The most recently discovered phylum in the animal kingdom (1995) is the phylum Cycliophora. It includes 3 species of tiny organisms that live in large numbers on the outsides of the mouthparts and appendages of lobsters. When in the feeding stage, a cycliophoran permanently attaches to the lobster via an adhesive disk and collects scraps of food from its host's feeding by capturing the scraps in a electric current created by a band of cilia. Its body is sac-like and has a U-shaped intestine that brings the anus close to the mouth. Cycliophorans are eucoelomate (have a torso cavity that is a coelom) and do non molt (though their host does).

What is true of the feeding stage of cycliophorans?

1. It is chemoheterotrophic.
2. It is sessile.
3. Its tube feet allow it to feed efficiently.
4. It has radial symmetry.

1. A) one and 2 just
2. B) 1 and 3 only
3. C) 2 and 4 only
4. D) 1, ii, and 3 only
5. E) 2, iii, and 4 only

82

The most recently discovered phylum in the animal kingdom (1995) is the phylum Cycliophora. Information technology includes three species of tiny organisms that live in large numbers on the outsides of the mouthparts and appendages of lobsters. When in the feeding phase, a cycliophoran permanently attaches to the lobster via an adhesive disk and collects scraps of food from its host'due south feeding by capturing the scraps in a current created by a ring of cilia. Its torso is sac-like and has a U-shaped intestine that brings the anus close to the mouth. Cycliophorans are eucoelomate (accept a body cavity that is a coelom) and practice not molt (though their host does).

Cycliophorans have two types of larvae. One type of larva is produced when the digestive system of a female is impregnated by a male. The digestive system then collapses and develops into a larva, which swims away in search of a new host subsequently the surrounding female person dies. Which is the embryonic tissue that is evidently nearly important in forming this type of larva?

1. A) mesoderm
2. B) ectoderm
3. C) endoderm
4. D) mantle

83

Which of the following clades contains the greatest number of animal species?

1. A) the vertebrates
2. B) the bilaterians
3. C) the deuterostomes
4. D) the insects

84

Fossil steroid and molecular clock evidence suggests that animals originated

1. A) between 710 and 770 1000000 years ago.
2. B) more than 100 million years before the oldest known fossils of large animals.
3. C) during the Cambrian explosion.
4. D) both A and B

85

Which of the post-obit was probably the least important factor in bringing about the Cambrian explosion?

1. A) the emergence of predator-prey relationships among animals
2. B) the accumulation of sufficient atmospheric oxygen to back up the more than active metabolism of mobile animals
3. C) the motion of animals onto country
4. D) the origin of Hox genes and other genetic changes affecting the regulation of developmental genes

86

Which of the following could exist considered the virtually recent common ancestor of living tetrapods?

1. A) a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates
2. B) an armored gnathostome with two pairs of appendages
3. C) an early ray-finned fish that developed bony skeletal supports in its paired fins
4. D) a salamander that had legs supported by a bony skeleton only moved with the side-to-side bending typical of fishes

87

Which clade does non include humans?

1. A) synapsids
2. B) lobe-fins
3. C) lophotrochozoans
4. D) tetrapods

88

In the figure given below, the Deuterostomia clade is virtually closely related to which ii principal clades?

Ctenophora and Cnidaria

1. B) Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa
2. C) Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes
3. D) Echinodermata and Hemichordata

Source: https://www.easynotecards.com/notecard_set/78332

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